
EDUCATIONAL BULLETIN 



COURSES OF STUDY IN AGRICULTURE 



AND 



MINIMUM OF REQUIRED EQUIPMENT 



FOR THE 



FARM-LIFE SCHOOLS 



OF 



NORTH CAROLINA 



ISSUED FROM 

THE OFFICE OF STATE SUPERINTENDENT OF 

PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 



RALBIOH, N. 0. 

Edwabds & Beoughton Feinting Oo. 

State Psinters and Binosbs 

1915 



^n*- -ru 



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EDUCATIONAL BULLETIN 



COURSES OF STUDY IN AGRICULTURE 



AND 



MINIMUM OF REQUIRED EQUIPMENT 



FOR THE 



FARM-LIFE SCHOOLS 



OF 



NORTH CAROLINA 



ISSUED FROM 

THE OFFICE OF STATE SUPERINTENDENT OF 

PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 



Raleigh, N. C. 

Edwards & Broughton Printing Co. 

State Printers and Binders 

1915 



D* of D« 

OY -3 'iy.i 



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PREFACE 



The law directs that the course of study and the equipment of all Farm-Life 
schools shall be subject to the approval of the State Superintendent of 
Public Instruction. This bulletin contains the courses of study in agriculture 
and related subjects and the minimum of general equipment for these schools 
that will be approved by him. It also contains suggested additional equip- 
ment needed for work in the special departments and suggested text-books, 
reference books, and lists of books and bulletins for the library. 

It would be neither economical nor wise to start one of these schools with- 
out the minimum of equipment found by experience, by careful investigation, 
and by consultation with experienced teachers and experts in other schools of 
this sort to be necessary for the successful teaching and training required of 
such schools. Therefore the minimum general equipment contained herein, 
together with the other equipment in buildings, laboratories, land, etc., desig- 
nated by the law, must be provided by each school before the State Superin- 
tendent will recommend the State apportionment by the State Board of Edu- 
cation for its maintenance. 

More than a year ago Prof. B. A. Hodson, of the Department of Agronomy 
of the North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, was em- 
ployed to take charge of the preparation of this bulletin. In the preparation 
of the bulletin he has carefully examined the courses of study in similar 
schools in this and all other states. He has conferred with the members of 
the Committee on Vocational Education of the Department of the High 
School Principals of the North Carolina Teachers' Assembly, receiving val- 
uable suggestions and criticisms from time to time from the members of that 
committee; he has consulted experienced and successful teachers of agricul- 
ture and kindred subjects in this and other states; he made a special visit 
to Cornell University, to get the benefit of the great library and the assistance 
of noted specialists in agricultural instruction there in the preparation of the 
courses of study and in compiling the lists of books and of the suggested 
equipment. During the year he has visited most of the Farm-Life schools in 
this State and observed their work. During the summer of 1915, in a confer- 
ence in my office with the principals and teachers of agriculture, and the 
heads of the departments of Home Economics of these Farm-Life schools, the 
courses of study and the equipment for these schools were discussed and 
criticised, and shaped, as far as possible, to conform to the experience of 
these teachers and to their suggestions for meeting through these schools the 
present practical needs of the North Carolina counties and communities in 
which they are located. The revised course of study in agriculture for the 
Farm-Life schools, contained in this bulletin, was the outcome of these confer- 
ences, and that course and the prescribed minimum of equipment herein, were 
heartily approved by the conference. 

It is hoped that this bulletin will serve the purpose for which it has been 
prepared by rendering valuable assistance in properly equipping and in wisely 
arranging and directing the work of the Farm-Life schools of the State. It is 
exceedingly important that these schools should be properly equipped, pro- 
vided with thoroughly qualified and experienced teachers, and have their 



4 

work shaped to meet the needs of country life and to prepare country boys 
and girls for making the most out of country life and country things. Upon 
the success of these schools depends the establishment of other schools of this 
sort in other counties of this State. Upon their success depends the success 
of this hopeful movement to adapt the work of the country school to the 
needs of the country people and to improve country life through the more 
efficient training of each generation of country children. 

The list of those who have rendered valuable assistance in the preparation 
of this bulletin is too long to enumerate. I desire, however, to make general 
acknowledgment here of grateful appreciation to all of them. 

Very truly yours, 

J. Y. JOYNEK, 

State Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
Raleigh, N. C, September, 1915. 



INTRODUCTION 



The purpose of this bulletin is to insure a uniform course of study in 
Agriculture in the Farm-Life High Schools; to offer suggestions regarding 
equipment for the schools, and to give such references and details concerning 
the work as to relieve the teacher as much as possible. 

The course is intended to be elastic enough to meet the needs of the 
schools in every section of the State. If the school is located in a county 
where, for example, truck farming is carried on extensively, the teacher 
should arrange to give more emphasis to this course than to some of the 
other courses which are not of so much importance in that section. 

The work has been outlined to meet the needs of the boy or girl who is 
expecting to take an elementary course in Agriculture but does not intend to 
pursue the work farther than the high school. The course is arranged so 
that a student who is preparing for college may take the regular high school 
course and as much of the Agricultural work as possible. To prepare the 
farm boys to make better farmers and farmer citizens; to help the boy to see 
that in choosing Agriculture as a life's pursuit he is choosing as noble a 
profession as any other; to arouse the interest of the student in the work- 
ings of Nature in order that he may have a more comprehensive view of 
life and life processes; to improve the social conditions of the rural districts 
and to relieve the drudgery of the farm by the introduction of machinery — all 
of these things have been in mind in making out this work and it is hoped 
that these schools will be able to go far in solving these problems. 

Several changes in the course as outlined last year are needed to accommo- 
date the teacher. The insects which attack the various crops will be studied 
with the crop, instead of giving a course in Entomology; Manual Training 
will be given as a supplement to other courses instead of a separate course; 
and Mechanical Drawing has been omitted from the course at present. 

The author of this bulletin wishes to express thanks to Prof. C. L. Newman 
for many valuable suggestions; and to Prof. H. R. Fulton, Professor of Bot- 
any in the A. & M. College; Prof. M. E. Sherwin, Professor of Soils in the 
A. & M. College; Mr. A. G. Oliver, Poultryman in the Extension Department, 
and Mr. A. J. Reed, Dairyman in the Experiment Station, for suggestions re- 
garding the equipment and courses in their respective Departments. 



Cost of Complete Equipment for School 



(The estimates given below are catalogue prices from which a discpunt 
may be obtained, especially on scientific apparatus and books. The cost of 
material for the construction of book cases, poultry houses, etc., is not 
included.) 

LlBRABY : 

Teacher's reference books $ 4.35 

Agricultural papers 5.00 

(Cost of books for other courses listed separately 
below, $113.74.) 
Other equipment 3.75 

Total $ 13.10 

Botany : 

Books $ 5.00 

Equipment for 10 students 75.00 

Total 80.00 

Agricultube: 

Books $ 14.69 

Equipment 6.60 

Total 21.29 

Field Crops: 

Books $ 12.35 

Equipment 8.00 

Total 20.35 

Vegetable Gardening: 

Books $ 7.75 

Equipment 42.70 

Total 50.45 

FBtriT Culture: 

Books $ 8.50 

Equipment 51.50 

Total 60.00 

Farm Animals: 

Books $ 14.65 

Equipment 52.50 

Total 67.15 



7 

Feeding Live Stock: 

Books $ 4.50 

Equipment 

Total $ 4.50 

DAIRYI^fG: 

Books $ 6.60 

Equipment 373.00 

Total 379.60 

Poultry Raising: 

Books ,$ 9.35 

Equipment 60.00 

Total 69.35 

Soils and Fertilizers : 

Books $ 18.50 

Equipment 104.60 

Total 123.10 

RuKAL Economics, Etc. : 

Books $ 11.85 

Equipment 

Total 11.85 

Farm Equipment: 

Farm tools, barn, carpenter's tools and horses 1,384.65 

Grand total $2,285.39 



Revised Course of Study in Agriculture for the Farm Life Schools 



FIRST YEAR 

Periods Per Week 

Subject Class Practice 

English 5 

Physiology 3 

Arithmetic 5 

Agriculture 5 3 

SECOND YEAR 

English 5 

Physical Geography 3 

Arithmetic 5 

Agriculture 5 3 

THIRD YEAR 

English 5 

History 5 

Chemistry 3 

Agriculture . 5 3 

FOURTH YKAR 

English 5 

History 5 

Physics 3 

Agriculture 5 3 



SUGGESTED TEXTS FOR AGRICULTURE AND SCIENCE COURSES 



Course 


Year 


Term 


Text 


Author 


Publisher Price 


Physiology 


1st 


1st and 
2nd 


Animal and Man 


Kellogg 


Holt 


$ 1 25 










Botany 






Bailey 


Macmillan.. 

Ginn 

H.R.Fulton 


60 






2nd 


Introduction to Botany 


Bergen & 
Caldwell. 
Fulton 


1.40 
.25 










1st 


1st and 
2nd 


The Essentials of Agriculture. Waters 

Elements of Agriculture Warren 


Ginn 

Macmillan.. 


1 25 




1.10 


Physical Geography 


2nd 1 1st and 


New Physical Geography 


Tarr 


Macmillan.. 


1.25 






2nd 






Field Crops 


2nd 


1st and 
2nd 


Field Crops. 


Wilson & 
Warburton 


Webb 


1.50 






Vegetable Garden- 


2nd 


1st 




Green 


Webb 


1.00 


ing 






Fruit Culture 


2nd 


2nd Popular Fruit Growing 


Green 


Webb 


1.00 


Chemistry . . 


3rd 


1st andl F.lpmentnrv Stndv- of riipm- 1 MrPherson 


Ginn 1 .2.'i 




2nd 


istry and Hen- 

1 derson 
Chemistry and Its Relation Kahlenberg 
to Daily Life and Hart 
Chemistry of Common Things Brownlee and 
Others 


Macmillan.. 

Allyn and 
Bacon 


1.25 
1.25 


Farm Animals 


3rd 


1st 


Beginnings in Animal Hus- 1 Plumb 

bandry , 


Webb 


1.25 




3rd 


1st 


Dairy Cattle and Milk Pro- Eckles 

duction 1 
Testing Milk and Its Products Farrington 
and WoU 

1 


Macmillan.. 

Mendota 
Book Co., 
Madison, 
Wis. 


1.50 




1.25 


Stock Feeding.. 


3rd 


2nd 


Profitable Stock Feeding 


Smith 


Webb. 


1.50 


Poultry Raising 


3rd 


2nd 




















4th 


1st and 
2nd 


A First Course in Physics 

First Principles of Physics 


Millikan and 

Gale 
Carhart and 

Chute 


Ginn 

Allyn & 
Bacon 


1.25 




1.25 


Soils and Fertilizers 


4th 


1st and 
2nd 


Soils and Soil Fertility 


Whitson and 
Walster 


Webb.. 


1.25 




4th 














2nd 











The Library 



A number of reference books is given in the outline of each course to be 
used by both the student and teacher. 

Select the books for the school with reference to the needs of the com- 
munity. 

Catalogue and index all books and bulletins in order that the student may 
easily find what he wants and to insure them against loss. 

Pamphlet holders will be found very useful for keeping bulletins. 

For convenience in using, classify bulletins by subject instead of by number 
or by state. 

Obtain lists of bulletins for free distribution from: 
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Publications, Washington, D. C. 
North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station and A. & M. College, West 
Raleigh, N. C. 

and other Southern Stations (see page 59 for addresses). 
United States bureau of Education, Washington, D. C. 
Get the monthly list of publications by request from the U. S. Department of 

Agriculture, Division of Publications. 
Have the Health Bulletin, issued by the North Carolina State Board of Health, 
Raleigh, N. C, sent regularly to the school. 

Some agricultural papers should be received regularly. Agricultural papers 
are usually of only temporary interest and will not need to be filed. 

A list of publications from which to select is given below, and these may 
be obtained through G. E. Stechert & Co.. at the prices quoted: 

Per Year 

The Progressive Farmer $ .80 

The Southern Planter 50 

Southern Farming 85 

Wallace's Farmer 90 

Kimball's Dairy Farmer 80 

The Breeder's Gazette 1.00 

Hoard's Dairyman 1.00 

Poultry Item 90 

Farm Poultry 90 

Reliable Poultry Journal 35 

Southern Fruit Grower 70 

The Market Grower's Joural 75 

The Fruit Grower and Farmer 75 

Green's Fruit Grower .40 

Equipment: 

Agricultural papers (not less than $5.00). 

Books (the books needed in the library are suggested under each 
subject) $118.09 



11 



Book cases (Fig. 1 gives details for constructing book case that 

may be made by the students) $ 

Pamphlet holders (see Pig. 2 for details of construction) 

Card index, (2 drawers, 3x5) 2.50 

Index cards, 1,000 1.25 

Total $126.84 



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Book Case. 



Bill of Material foe Library Bookcase. 

1 top, %" X 15" X 3IV2". hardwood 

1 top back board, %" x 4" x 30i/o", hardwood 

2 sides, %"xl4"x50", hardwood 

1 bottom, %"xl4"x28%", hardwood 
1 bottom rail, %"x4"x2834", hardwood 
1 center piece, %" x 2" x 45%", hardwood 



12 



4 door sides, %" x IVi" x 45i/4", hardwood 

4 door ends, %"xl%"xl4", hardwood 

4 pieces door lattice, %"x %"xl2i/o", hardwood 

4 pieces door lattice, %"xi/l>"x7", hardwood 

2 bottom cleats, li/4" x I14" x 13", soft wood 

2 top cleats, I"xl"xl2i4", soft wood 

3 shelves, 1/2" x 12" x 281/0", soft wood 

12 pieces backing, %"x4"x29%", soft wood 

4 hinges 

2 door handles 



CP(D TO B£ 7xS'<}^ 
OF ^OFT WOOD 



CAED bOAISD TO 
&£ JYO.fi /"'/.y 



CAED EXMJBD 

TO &£ J5e0/C£ «/V (ii 

I OaTTCD_ Lm£j^ ■i_ 



Fig. 2. Pamphlet Holder. 



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Fig. 3. Library Table (Side Elevation). 



4- a- 






3-2- 



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Fig. 4. Library Table (End Elevation). 



Bill of ]\Iaterial for Library Table. 



6 legs, 4" X 4" X 30" 

2 rails, 13-16" x 3" x 8'-0" 

2 rails, 13-16" x 3" x 4'-0" 

4 boards, 13-16"x 12" x 8'-0", top 

4 boards, 13-16" x 12" x 8'-0", shelf 

1 piece, V/' x 3" x S'-O" slats 



References for Agricultural Teachers 



Title Author Publisher Price 

The Teaching of Agricul- 
ture in the High School. . . .Bricker Macmillan $ .80 

Materials and Methods in 

High School Agriculture . . .Hummel Macmillan 1.25 

Agricultural Education 
for Teachers Bricker American Book Co. . . .80 

Agriculture and Life Cromwell J. B. Lippincott 1.50 

Farmers' Bul>letins : * 

606. Collection and Preservation of Insects and Other Material for Use 

in the Study of Agriculture. 
586. Collection and Preservation of Plant Material for Use in the Study 

of Agriculture. 

U. S. Department Buxxetins:* 

•7. Agricultural Training Course for Employed Teachers. 
132. Correlating Agriculture With the Public School Subjects in the 

Southern States. 
258. Lessons in Elementary Agriculture for Alabama Schools. 

U. S. Bureau of Education Bulletins: 

522. Agricultural Instruction in Secondary Schools. 
601. Agricultural Teaching. 

Student Home Project Work 

The State Extension Service furnishes a wide range of subjects for Home 
Project Work, such as Corn Clubs, Pig Clubs, Poultry Clubs, Tomato Clubs, 
and others. The teacher should do everything possible to promote interest 
among the students in this work. Each child should be kept busy always on 
some individual test, experiment, comparison, or study of its own. Informa- 
tion regarding the organization of any of the Clubs mentioned above or de- 
tails for conducting any of the projects in any of the various boys' or girls' 
clubs will be furnished by the Office of Boys' Corn Clubs, West Raleigh, N. C. 



•Farmers' Bulletins and U. S. Department Bulletins referred to are publications of the U. S. 
Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 



The First Year Agriculture 



BOTANY 

Periods Per Week- 
Class Practice 

3 1 

Text: 

Title Author Publisher Price 

Beginner's Botany Bailey Macmillan $ .60 

Introduction to Botany . . . Bergen & Caldwell .... Ginn 1.40 

Essentials of Botany Fulton H. R. Fulton, West 

Raleigh, N. C 25 

References : 

Title Author Publisher Price 

Experiments with Plants. Osterhout Macmillan $1.25 

Practical Botany Andrews American Book Co. . . 1.50 

Faemers' Bulletins: 

134. Tree Planting on Rural School Grounds. 

157. The Propagation of Plants. 

428. Testing Farm Seeds at Home and in the Rural School. 

Equipment: 

The list includes minimum quantities for a class of ten pupils. Practically 
all items should he increased for larger classes. Except for breakage the 
apparatus should last indefinitely. Exact prices cannot be given because of 
market fluctuations. It would be well to ask for quotations from several 
dealers. Addresses of dealers may be found on page 59. 

1 compound microscope, double nosepiece, one ocular, two objectives. 
72 microscope slides. 

1 oz. coverglasses, medium thickness. 
12 dissecting needles in wood handles. 

4 forceps, best steel, medium fine points. 
12 wide-mouth bottles, 500 cc, with corks. 

1 lb. glass tubing, 6 and 8 mm. external diameter. 

1 thermometer graduated to 150 degrees C. 

6 beakers, 350 cc. 
72 test tubes, 150 x 18 mm. 

3 rubber stoppers. No. 5, with two holes. 

3 rubber stoppers. No. 3, with one hole. 
12 Erlenmeyer flasks, 250 cc. 

3 ft. rubber tubing, 14 inch diameter. 

1 Harvard trip balance. 

1 set weights, 10 to 1000 grams. 



16 

1 laboratory blast lamp for gasoline, with flame regulation. 

3 Dialyzer cups, 100 x 16 mm. 

1 wax pencil for writing on glass. 

1 glass measuring graduate, 10 cc. 

1 glass measuring graduate, 100 cc. 

4 magnifiers, vulcanite mounting, % inch. 

1 wire gauze with asbestos center, 150 mm. 

2 Barnes dissecting microscopes with doublet. 
1 alcohol burner, medium. 

1 support stand with 3 rings, medium. 

3 dropping bottles with pipette stoppers. 
6 Syracuse watch glasses. 

1 test tube clamp. 

2 test tube brushes. 

Estimated cost of above apparatus $57.00 

1 oz. iodine crystals. 

1 oz. potassium iodine. 

8 oz. sodium potassium tartrate. 

1 oz. potassium chlorate. 

1 lb. nitric acid, concentrated. 

1 gal. alcohol, denatured. 

8 oz. mercury. 

4. oz. calcium nitrate, c.p. 

4 oz. potassium chlorid, c.p. 

4 oz. magnesium sulphate, c.p. 

4 oz. diacid potassium phosphate, c.p. 

1 oz. ferric chloride, c.p. 

4 oz. calcium sulphate, c.p. 

4. oz. monobasic sodium phosphate, c.p. 

1 lb. copper sulphate, c.p. 

1 lb. nitrate of soda, c.p. 

1 lb. hydrochloric acid, concentrated. 
8 oz. caustic potash. 

3 pkgs. pith for sectioning. 
14 oz. diastase. 

2 lbs. formaldehyde. 

Estimated cost of chemicals $ 7.00 

Most of the above chemicals can be bought from a good drug store. The 
quantities are sufficient for several times the needs of ten pupils. Some 
items of chemicals and of apparatus may be on hand for work in chemistry 
or physics, and need not be duplicated for botany. 

The following items can usually be bought to advantage from local dealers: 

1 razor for sectioning, cheap grade. 
1 strop for above. 
1 scissors, small. 
12 flower pots, 4 and 6 inch. 



17 

6 enamelware pans, about 10 inches. 
24 fruit jars, 1 and 2 qt. sizes. 
1 roll tire tape. 
20 pes. glass, 4x5 inches, old photo negatives. 

Small quantities of sugar, starch, salt, Wesson oil, gasoline, ammonia, seal- 
ing wax, red ink, vaseline. 

Estimated cost $11.00 

Total estimated cost $75.00 

Each pupil will provide himself with a loose notebook cover with plain 
ledger paper for drawings, a hard pencil and eraser. 

Practice Work for the Course in Botany 

The references mentioned under this course will give as many practical 
exercises as can be used. The list of apparatus given above was made to 
conduct the practice exercises given in the Essentials of Botany by Fulton. 



AGEICULTUBE 

Periods Per Week 

Class Practice 

3 1 

Text: 

Title Author Publisher Price 
The Essentials of Agri- 
culture Waters Ginn $1.25 

Elements of Agriculture. .Warren Macmillan 1.10 

References : 

Title Author Publisher Price 
Principles of Plant Cul- 
ture Goff University Coopera- 

Principles of Agriculture tive Co., Madison, 

Through the School Wis $1.00 

and Home Garden Stebbins Macmillan 1.00 

Practical Agriculture Wilkinson American Book Co. . . 1.00 

Elementary Principles of 

Agriculture Ferguson & Lewis ....Ferguson Pub. Co., 

Practical Lessons in Ag- Sherman, Tex 1.00 

riculture Ivins & Merrill American Book Co. . . .84 

General Science Caldwell & Eikenberry Ginn 1.00 

First Year Science Snyder AUyn & Bacon 1.25 

Elementary Entomology.. .Sanderson & Jackson ..Ginn 2.00 

Nature Study and Life Hodge Ginn 1.50 

Fights of a Farmer Snyder J. B. Lippincott 1.25 

Landscape Gardening Waugh Orange-Judd 50 

Equipiiient: 

Use farm tools and apparatus listed under Course in Botany. 

Price 

Insect nets $2.00 

6 killing bottles (see page 6, Farmers' Bulletin, 606) 25 

Insect pins 25 

1 lb. potassium, cyanide 

6 insect mounting boards to be made by students (see Fig. 10, page 11, 

Farmers' Bulletin, 606). Boxes for preserving mounted insects (see 

page 12 of bulletin mentioned above). 
Several dozen pieces of glass 5x7 inches (use photographers' dry plate. 

The gelatin may be easily removed by soaking in warm water). 

6 rolls gummed binding tape 60 

Cardboard 1-00 

100 small card board pill boxes (obtained from druggist) 50 

(See Fig. 5 illustrating use of pill boxes for mounting seed. The boxes 

are glued to a piece of cardboard, filled with seed, covered with a 

piece of glass and then bound with binding tape.) 



19 

Small shell vials for collecting seed (see Farmers' Bulletin, 586) $1.00 

Paper for mounting plants of interest (see Bulletin mentioned above) . . . 1.00 

Total $6.60 




Fig. 5. Seeds Mounted in Small Pill Boxes for Comparing Varieties. 



Practice Work for the Course in Elementary Agriculture 

A large number of exercises may be found in the references given that v;ill 
be well adapted to this work. 

Have the students in this course collect and mount a large number of 
insects, economic plants, wild grasses and legumes, specimens of diseased 
plants, seeds, etc. 

Make mounts for the specimens collected. (See Farmers' Bulletins 586 
and 606.) 



The Second Year Agriculture 



FIELD CROPS 

Periods Per Week 





Class Practice 




2 1 


Text: 




Title 


Author 


Field Crops 


Wilson & Warburton . . ' 



Publisher Price 
Webb $1.50 

References : 

Title Author Publisher Price 

Southern Field Crops Duggar Macmillan $1.75 

Forage Plants and Their 

Culture Piper Macmillan 1.75 

Cereals in America Hunt Orange-Judd 1.75 

Corn Crops Montgomery Macmillan 1.60 

Study of Corn Shoesmith Orange-Judd 50 

Farm Grasses of the U. S . Spillman Orange-Judd 1.00 

Forage 'Crops Voorhees Macmillan 1.50 

Alfalfa Coburn Orange-Judd 1.00 

Farmers' Bulletins: 

81. Corn Culture in the South. 

101. Millet. 

164. Rape. 

174. Broom Corn. 

229. Production of Good Seed Corn. 

246. Saccharine Sorghums as Forage. 

253. Germination of Seed Corn. 

313. Harvesting and Storing Corn. 

318. Cowpeas. 

339. Alfalfa 

343. Cultivation of Tobacco. 

361. Meadow Fescue. 

362. Conditions Affecting the Value of Market Hay. 
372. Soy Beans. 

382. Adulteration of Forage Plant Seed. 

395. Sixty-day Oats. 

400. A More Profitable Corn Planting Method. 

414. Corn Cultivation. 

415. Seed Corn. 

420. Oats, Distribution. 

424. Oats, Growing. 

431. The Peanut. 

436. Winter Oats for the South. 

441. Lespedeza or Japan Clover. 



*The work outlined for the second year may be given in the third year if the teacher 
prefers. 



21 



455. Red Clover. 

508. Market Hay. 

509. Forage Crops for the Cotton Hegion. 
515. Vetches. 

523. Tobacco Curing. 

529. Vetch Growing in the South Atlantic States. 

537. How to Grow an Acre of Corn. 

546. How to Manage a Corn Crop. 

550. Crimson Clover. 

553. Popcorn for the Home. 

554. Popcorn for the Market. 
571. Tobacco Culture. 

591. Classification and Grading of Cotton. 

596. Culture of Winter Wheat in the Eastern United States. 



SCOBE CARD FOR JUDGING CORN 



Sample Number 




1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 




15 

10 
5 
5 

10 
5 
5 

10 
5 

5 
5 
5 
10 


































































































































































































Tip of ear 
































































Space between rows at cob 

Proportion of corn to cob 






































1 


1 












Total 


100 



















22 

Practice Work for the Course in Field Crops 

1. Seed Selection: 

a. Corn: 

1. Field Selection (with reference to plant, number of ears, etc.). 

2. Harvesting. 

3. Judging. 

4. Testing seed. 

5. Planting "Ear-to-Row" metliod. 

6. In the second season compare yields from different ears. 

b. Cotton: 

1. Field selection. (Select the type of plant desired.) 

2. Compare yields, length of lint, etc., of selected plants. 

3. Plant selected seed. 

2. Seed Testing: 

Make seed testing trays and test the seed of various farm crops. 

3. Seed Study: 

Identify and compare seed of different varieties of farm crops. 

4. Collect and mount insects and specimens of plant diseases affecting 

farm crops. 

5. Study Small Grains: 

Compare structure of head, habit of growth, etc. 

6. Identify the most common grasses and legumes, both wild and culti- 

vated and make mounts of as many as possible. 

7. Study various methods of destroying insects in stored grain. 

Equipment: Price 

Score cards for farm crops ' $5.00 

Seed of several varieties of each of the field crops grown in the 

community. 
Containers for seed. (Use glass jars or tin cans. Cans may be 

bought from the American Can Company, Atlanta, Ga., at very 

reasonable prices.) 
Tools needed will be found in the list of Farm Equipment. 
100 stakes for labeling plots i%xZ in. and 2Vi ft. long, painted 

white) 50 

1 rubber stamp labeling outfit (',4 in. letters) for marking stakes. . . 2.50 

Total $8.00 



VEGETABLE GARDENING 

Periods Per Week 

Class Practice 

3 1 (for one term) 

Text: 

Title Author Publisher Price 

"Vegetable Gardening Green Webb $1.00 

Laboratory Manual of 
Horticulture Hood Ginn 

References : 

Title Author Publisher Price 

Vegetable Gardening "Watts Orange-Judd- $1.75 

Garden Farming Corbett Ginn 2.00 

Garden Making Bailey Macmillan 1.50 

Productive Vegetable 
Growing Lloyd J. B. Lippincott 1.50 

Pakmers' Bulletins: 

35. Potato Culture. 

61. Asparagus Culture. 

198. Strawberries. 

204. Cultivation of Mushrooms. 

220. Tomatoes. 

232. Okra. 

254. Cucumbers. 

255. The Home Vegetable Garden. 
282. Celery. 

289. Beans. 

324. Sweet Potatoes. 

354. Onion Culture. 

407. The Potato as a Truck Crop. 

433. Cabbage. 

434. The Home Production of Onion Seed and Sets. 
460. Frames as a Factor in Truck Growing. 

548. Storing and Marketing Sweet Potatoes. 

Equipment: Price 

Sash for cold frames and hot beds $ 4.00 

Seed of common vegetables 

Containers for seeds (see same under Equipment for Field Crops) 

1 Planet Jr. combination wheel hoe and seeder 13.00 

6 dibbles 2.40 

Hoes and rakes ( farm equipment) 

Insecticides and fungicides 10.00 

1 bucket spray pump 5.00 

4 soil thermometers 4.00 



24 

6 garden trowels $ 1.50 

1 reel and line 1.50 

100 wooden labels 25 

Samples of fertilizer 

Flats 

Manila paper for paper pots; cut 4% x 11^^ in 1.00 

1 box small short tacks, to use in making paper pots .05 

Total $42.70 

Practice Work for Course in Vegetable Gardening 

1. Seed Study: 

a. Identification. (See Fig. 9, Farmers' Bulletin, 586.) 

b. Germination. (Make germination trays.) 

c. Viability. 

2. Planting Seed: 

a. Different depths. Make a box with a glass side. Plant seed against 

the glass at varying depths to study effects of depth of planting. 

b. Note different lifting power of seed. 

c. Fertilizers. 

d. Kinds of soils. 

3. Construction of Transplanting Pots, Etc. 

a. Construct hot beds and cold frames. (See text.) 

b. Paper pots. (Take a block 2V^ in. square and 3 in. high; fasten the 

head of a bolt or large nail in the center of the top and then fasten 
the block to a table. To make the pots pass a piece of paper around 
the block, fold over the top from all sides; then drive a small short 
tack through the center of the folds. The tack is bradded against 
the bolt head and will hold the pot together securely enough to be 
handled.) 

c. Flats. Make out of light lumber, about 16 x 18 in. and 2 in. deep. 

4. Transplanting: 

a. Trimming plants. 

b. "Watering. 

5. Starting Sweet Potatoes. 

6. Irish Potatoes: 

a. Cutting tubers. 

b. Formalin treatment for scab. 

7. Care of Crop: 

a. Cultivation, depth, etc. 

b. Watering. 

c. Weeding. 

d. Thinning. 



25 



8. Intercropping: 

a. Companion crops. 

b. Succession crops. 

c. Examples. 

9 AND 10. Spraying: 

a. Study spraying apparatus. 

b. Preparation of insecticides and fungicides. 

c. The uses and time of application of each kind. 



FRITIT CULTURE 

Periods Per Week 



Class 
3 



Text: 



Title 



Author- 



Practice 

1 (for one term) 

Publisher 



Popular Fruit Growing. . .Green Webb 



Price 
.$1.00 



References : 

Title Author Publisher Price 

Principles of Fruit Grow- 
ing Bailey Macmillan $1.50 

The Pruning Book Bailey Macmillan 1.50 

The American Apple 

Orchard Waugh Orange-Judd 1.00 

The American Peach 

Orchard Waugh Orange-Judd 1.00 

Productive Orcharding . . . Sears J. B. Lippincott 1.50 

Harvesting Fruits Waugh Orange-Judd 1.00 

Farmers' Bulletins: 

113. The Apple and How to Grow it. 

154. The Home Fruit Garden. 

181. Pruning. 

213. Raspberries. 

291. Evaporation of Apples. 

482. The Pear and How to Grow it. 

491. Profitable Management of the Small Apple Orchard. 

631, 632, and 633. Growing Peaches. 

Equipment: Price 

6 hand pruning shears $ 6.00 

2 Henry Disston pruning saws, No. 25 2.50 

1 pole pruner ("Happy Thought"), Kansas Pruning Knife Company 

Detroit, Mich 1-50 

2 tree trimmers. Tiffany Tree Trimmer Co., Franklin Forks, Pa. . . 2.50 
1 barrel spray pump complete with 8 ft. bamboo rod and angle 

disc nozzle. (The "Iron Age" spray pump is recommended. 
This pump is fastened on the outside of the barrel, which 

makes it easier cared for) 25.00 

Insecticides and fungicides 10.00 

1 grafting chisel "75 

1 mallet 

1 budding knife 50 

1 hawk bill pruning knife .75 

Raffia for tying buds and plants 100 

Materials for grafting wax: Beeswax, resin, tallow 1.00 

Plants of various fruit trees 

Total $51.50 



27 

Practice Work for Course in Fruit Culture 

1. Planting Trees: 

a. Trimming trees. 

b. Planting in soil. (Use apple and peach trees 1 and 2 years old.) 

2. Pruning: 

a. Identify leaf and flower buds. 

b. Study sap circulation. 

c. Study methods of cutting to avoid stubs. 

(Prune trees 3, 4, and 8 years of age.) 

3. Propagation: 

a. Whip grafting. 

b. Piece root grafts. 

c. Cleft grafting (apples). 

(Make grafting wax, use 7 parts beeswax, 5 parts resin, 2 parts of 
tallow. See text for preparation.) 

d. Budding. (Cherries, peaches, pecans.) 

e. Bridge grafting. 

f. Layering. 

1. Simple, and compound (grape). 

2. Mound (gooseberries). 

4. Stratifying Seed. 

5. Study Spraying Apparatus. 

6. Preparation of Sprays. 

7. Application of Sprays. 

(Spray calendars may be found in the text. A good spray calendar 
suitable for framing is sent out with the Deming Company's 
catalogue.) 

8. Learn to identify varieties of fruit grown in the community. 

9. Note effects of poor cultivation, pruning, insects and diseases affecting 

fruits grown in community. 



The Third Year Agriculture 



FARM ANIMALS 

Periods Per Week 





Class 


Practice 




2 


1 (for one term) 


Text: 






Title 


Author 


Publisher 


Beginnings in Animal 






Husbandry 


. . Plumb 


Webb 



Price 
.$1.25 



References: 

Title Author Publisher Price 

Live Stock Judging and 
Selection Curtis Lea & Feber, Phila- 

Types and Breeds of Farm delphia $2.00 

Animals Plumb Ginn 2.00 

Farm Animals Hunt & Burkett Orange-Judd 1.50 

Domesticated Animals and 

Plants Davenport Ginn 1.25 

Animal Husbandry for 
Schools Harper Macmillan 1.50 

Judging Live Stock Craig Sanders Pub Co., 

Chicago 1.65 

Swine in America Orange-Judd 

Productive Swine Hus- 
bandry Day J. B. Lippincott 1.50 

Manual of Farm Animals. Harper Macmillan 2.00 

Farmers' Bulletins: 

205. Pig Management. 

573. The Angora Goat. 

576. Breeds of Sheep for the Farm. 

580. Beef Production in the South. 



Department Bulletins: 

20. The Management of Sheep on the Farm. 

73. Raising and Fattening Beef Calves in Alabama. 
152. Scabies of Cattle. 
206. Milk Fever and Its Treatment. 
258. Texas or Tick Fever and Its Eradication. 
351. The Tuberclin Test of Cattle for Tuberculosis. 
379. Hog Cholera. 
439. Anthrax. 
449. Rabies. 
473. Tuberculosis. 



29 

498. Methods of Exterminating Ticli Fever. 
530. Important Poultry Diseases. 
569. Texas or Tick Fever. 

Equipment: Price 

Animals for school (hogs and other animals, except horses, cows 

and fowls, which are listed elsewhere) $50.00 

Score cards for stock judging 2.50 

Total $52.50 

Practice Work for Course in Farm Animals 

1. Construct several types of hog houses. 

2. Score as many animals of all kinds as possible. 

3. Study various breeds of farm animals. 




Fig. 6. Hog House. 
(Courtesy of Pennsylvania State College.) 



30 



Bill of Material for Hog House 

%" X 10" X 3'-6", back and front siding. 

%"x 10" X 5'-6", ends. 

%"xl0"x8'-0", roof, 
pieces, 2" x 4" x 4'-0", corner posts, 
pieces, 2" x 4" x 8'-0", sills. 

2" X 4" X 6'-0", sills. 

2" X 4" X 8'-0", plate. 

2" X 4" X 8'-0", end plates, 
piece, 2" x 4" x 8'-0", ridge pole. 

pieces, 2" x 4" x 8'-0", frame around doors and windows, 
pieces, 6" x 8" x 6'-0", skid poles, 
sash and 2 batten doors, hinges, hooks, staples and nails. 



20 pieces, 
16 pieces, 
20 pieces, 

4 

2 

2 

2 

2 

1 

2 

2 

2 



pieces, 
pieces, 
pieces. 




Fig. 7. Portable A- Shaped Hog House. 
(Farmers' Bulletin, 566.) 



Bill of Material for A-Siiaped Hog House 

13 pieces, 1" x 12" x 16'-0", for sides, back, and floor of house. 
9 pieces, 16'-0", batten. 
3 pieces, 2" x 4" x 12'-0", for frame work. 

2 pieces, 2" x 8" x 12'-0", for pig rail or guard. 
121 pieces 1" x 6" x 16'-0", for saddles board. 

3 poles for skids. 
Nails. 



FEEDING LIVE STOCK 

Periods Per Week 



Glass 
3 



Text: 

Title Author 

Profitable Stock Feeding. .Smith ... 



(for one term) 



Publisher 
.Webb 



Price 
.$1.50 



Refebences : 

Title 
Principles of Feeding 
Productive Feeding of 
Farm Animals 



Author Publisher 

. Burkett Orange-Judd 



Price 

.$1.50 



, Woll J. B. Lippincott 



1.50 



FaEMEES' BuLLETIiS^S: 

22. The Feeding of Farm Animals. 
170. Principles of Horse Feeding. 
346. The Computation of Rations. 
411. Feeding Hogs in the South. 
578. The Handling and Feeding of Silage. 
588. Economic Cattle Feeding in the Corn Belt. 



DAIRYING 

Periods Fcr Week 





Class 


Practice 






3 


1 (for one term) 




Text: 








Title 


Axithor 


PuMisher 


Price 


Dairy Cattle and Milk 








Production 


. . Eckles 


Macmillan 


...$1.60 



Testing Milk and Its 

Products Farrington & Woll Mendota Book Co., 

Madison, Wis 1.25 

References : 

Title Author Publisher Price 

The Business of Dairying. Lane Orange-Judd $1.50 

Milk and Its Products .... Wing Macmillan 1.50 

Clean Milk Belcher Orange-Judd 1.00 

Fabtmers' Bulletins: 

55. The Dairy Herd. 
106. Breeds of Dairy Cattle. 
166. Cheese Making on the Farm. 
280. A Profitable Tenant Dairy Farm. 
349. The Dairy Industry in the South. 
363. The Use of Milk as Food. 
413. The Care of Milk and its use in the Home. 
487. Cheese. 
490. Bacteria in Milk. 
541. Farm Butter Making. 

Department Bulletins: 

1. Medical Milk Commissions and Certified Milk. 
49. The Cost of Raising a Dairy Cow. 

Equipnient: Price 

4 cows $300.00 

1 cream separator (135 lb.) 32.50 

1 Babcock tester (6 bottles) 9.00 

1 doz. milk test bottles, 10% 1.25 

14 doz cream test bottles, 50% 1.50 

Pipettes: 1 9cc., 1 17.6cc., 1 18cc ; . .60 

1 acid measure .15 

1 milk scales 3. 00 

1 thermometer .75 

1 lactometer 25 

1 churn 4. 00 

1 butter printer .90 



33 

Assorted wash brushes $ 1.50 

Sulphuric acid, 1 gallon .60 

Butter ladles and packers, assorted 1.00 

Cream scales 10.00 

Milking pails 1.00 

Milk cans, etc 5.00 

Total $373.00 

Practice Work for Course in Dairying 

1. Testing milk and cream by the Babcock method. 

2. Make acidity test of milk, cream, and buttermilk, using Mann's test, Mar- 

schall's, and others. 

3. The Lactometee Test: 

a. Estimation of watering. 

b. Estimation of skimming. 

4. Skimming Milk by — 

a. Centrifugal separator. 

b. Gravity method. 

5. Ripening Ckeam: 

a. Ripening temperature. 

b. Preparation of starter. 

c. Inoculating cream. 

6. Chukning (Using hand churn) : 

a. Acid tests. 

b. Babcock tests. 

c. Estimating color and salt, for butter. 

d. Packing and preparing butter for market. 

7. Judging Butter: 

a. Score samples of butter, using score cards. 

8. Making Cottage Cheese (Using skim milk) : 

a. Setting. 

b. Draining. 

c. Salting. 

d. Packing. 

9. Cheese Making. 



POULTEY RAISING 

Periods Per Week 

Class Practice 

3 1 (for one term) 

Tejxt: 

Bulletins from the U. S. Department of Agriculture. 

References : 

Title Author Publisher Price 

Farm Poultry Watson Macmillan $1.50 

How to Keep Hens for 

Profit Valentine Macmillan 1.50 

Principles and Practices 

of Poultry Culture Robinson .• Ginn 2.50 

Domestic Birds Robinson Ginn 1.35 

Productive Poultry 

Husbandry Lewis J. B. Lippincott 1.50 

Poultry Keeping Lewis J. B. Lippincott 1.00 

Farmers' Bulletins: 

51. Standard Varieties of Chickens. 

64. Ducks and Geese. 
128. Eggs and Their Use as Food. 
182. Poultry as Food. 
200. Turkeys. 
234. The Guinea Fowl. 
236. Incubation and Incubators. 
287. Poultry Management. 
355. A Successful Poultry and Dairy Farm. 
445. Marketing Eggs Through the Creamery. 
452. Capons and Caponizing. 
528. Hints to Poultry Raisers. 
530. Important Poultry Diseases. 
574. Poultry House Construction. 
585. Natural and Artificial Incubation of Hens' Eggs. 
594. Shipping Eggs by Parcel Post. 

Department Bulletins : 

17. The Refrigeration of Dressed Poultry in Transit. 
21. The Commercial Fattening of Poultry. 

Equipment: P^^ce 

20 hens and 2 males (males not related) $60.00 

The price given is for standard bred fowls. The difference in the cost 
of ordinary stock and good stock can soon be made by the sale of eggs 
at fancy prices for hatching. 



36 

The breeds recommended are general purpose breeds and are given in 
order of preference for this State. 
Barred Plymouth Rock. 
White Wyandotte. 
White or Buff Plymouth Rock. 
Rhode Island Red (single or rose comb). 
Orpington (buff or white). 

1 colony house (see Fig. 10) with or without floor (to be made by stu- 

dents). 

2 feed hoppers (see Fig. 12), (to be made by students). 
2 drinking fountains (to be made by students). 

Punch a hole with a large nail about iy2 in. from the top of an old 
paint can. Provide a pan about two inches deep to hold the inverted can, 
which when filled with water furnishes a constant supply of water. 
Drinking fountains for small chickens may be made in the same way, but 
use a tomato can and a smaller pan for a container. 
Coops for each brood of chickens hatched (see Figs. 8 and 9), (to be 
made by students). 

Practice Work for Conrse in Poultry Raising 

1. Setting the Hen: 

a. The hen should be placed in a quiet and isolated place, so that no 

other hen can lay in her nest. 

b. Sitting boxes should be about 7 inches high, with the straw arranged 

in a saucer shape to enable the hen to step into the nest without 
danger of breaking the eggs. 

c. Hens should be moved to sitting quarters after dark and allowed to 

remain on china eggs or some eggs not intended for hatching for 
at least 24 hours. Then after they have thoroughly quieted down 
place them on the sitting eggs. 

d. The hen should be carefully dusted during the period of incubation: 

First, immediately after setting her, and second, three days before 
hatching. This precaution is absolutely necessary to prevent lice 
from getting on the young chicks. 

2. Make Insect Powder. 

(Caution the students regarding the handling of gasoline near fire and 

against the danger of handling carbolic acid.) 

Three parts gasoline, 1 part carbolic acid; mix, then add as much plaster 
of paris as is required to make a very stiff dough. Spread in layers 
about 1/4 inch thick to dry. After the mixture has been dried 
thoroughly mash into a powder and bottle for use. 

3. Care of Young Chicks: 

a. Construction of coops. (See Figs. 8 and 9.) 

b. Cover floor of coop with i/^ inch of clean sand. 

c. Whitewash the coop with a mixture or 3 quarts of whitewash to 1 table- 

spoon full of "Creolin." (This gives a sanitary odor and is very 
effective in keeping lice away.) 



36 

d. Place the hen and chicks in the coop and allow the chicks to pick 

around before giving them any food. (A chick should not be fed for 
48 hours after hatching, since the yolk of the egg, which is in the 
young chick's stomach when hatched, must be assimilated before the 
chick can handle any other food; feeding immediately after hatch- 
ing is likely to give the chick indigestion.) Keep the hen confined 
for the first week, but allow the chicks to run out. 

e. Food for the first week: 

Keep finely broken oyster shells available. 
Hard boiled eggs and rolled oat meal mashed together dry. 
Thoroughly cooked "Johnny cake," and never any wet dough. 
"Water or fresh skim milk should be kept before them all of the time. 
Feed often (about every four hours) just enough for them to clean 
up. Keep the chicks anxious to pick up what is given them. 

f. Food for the second week: 

Cracked wheat, screenings, or mixed chick feed. 

Mash, composed of loheat bran 2 parts by weight, ground corn and 

oats 1 part, wheat middlings 1 part. 
Feed in dry hoppers. 

g. Clean coops once a week. 

4. Colony Houses: 

a. If floored, cover with sand. If not floored, cover the dirt with 6 inches 

of pine needles or straw. 

b. Whitewash, using the same mixture mentioned above. 

c. Clean dropping board once a week. (Put the droppings in barrels and 

cover with a few handfuls of land plaster, to retain the ammonia; 
keep in a dry place. (Hen manure makes a very valuable fertilizer.) 

d. The perches (which should be removable) must be covered with kero- 

sene or scalded every two weeks. 

5. The Dust Bath: 

Make boxes 14 x 18 inches and 10 inches deep. Put in about 6 inches of 
clean dust mixed with a teacupful of sulphur. 



37 




Fig. 8. A-Shaped Chicken Coop. 
(Courtesy Mr. A. G. Oliver of the North Carolina Experiment Station.) 




^C>r. 



Fig. 9. Box Chicken Coop. 
(Courtesy Mr. A. G. Oliver of the North Carolina Experiment Station.) 




Fig. 10. Poultry Colony House. 
(Adapted from Farmers' Bulletin, 574.) 



Bill of Material fob Poultry Colony House. 

2 pieces, 6" x 8" x lO'-O" long, for skids. 

6 pieces, 2" x 6" x 7'-0" long, for floor joists. 
16 pieces, %" x 10" x 7'-0" long, for end siding. 
12 pieces, %" x 10" x 5'-0" long, for rear siding. 
12 pieces, %"xl0"x6'-6" long, for front siding. 

2 pieces, 2" x 4" x lO'-O" long, for front and back plates. 

2 pieces, 2" x 4" x 8'-0" long, for end plates. 

6 pieces, 2" x 4" x 8'-0" long, for ceiling joists. 
10 pieces, %" x 10" x ll'-O" long, for sheathing. 
10 pieces, %" x 10" x lO'-O" long, for flooring. 

5 pieces, %" x 10" x lO'-O" long, for flooring under roosts. 
10 pieces, 2" x 4" x 6'-0" long, for corner posts and studs. 

Doors, windows, nails, hinges, and hooks. 




Fig. H. Section of Colony House Shown in Fig. 10. 



The wire covering the feed should be stiff 
woven wire, with about 1-inch mesh. The 
hooks at AA should extend through the 
top, so that the wire hangs on the feed and 
drops down as the feed is eaten. The hook 
shown at B is provided to allow the wire 
to be fastened up putting the food oat of 
reach of the fowls. 




Fig. 12. Dry Feed Hopper. 



The Fourth Year Agriculture 



SOILS AND FERTILIZERS 

Periods Per Week 





Class Practice 




3 1 


Text: 




Title 


Author 


Soils and Soil Fertility . 


. . Whitson & Walster . . . 



Publisher Price 

.Webb $1.25 

References : 

Title Author Publisher Price 

Soils and Fertilizers Snyder Macmillan $1.50 

Soils King Macmillan 1.50 

Soils Burkett Orange-Judd 1.25 

Farm Manures Thorne Orange-Judd 1.50 

Fertilizers and Crops . . . .Van Slyke Orange-Judd 2.50 

Soils and Soil Fertility . .Whitson & Walster . ...Webb 1.25 

Principles of Soil Fertility Vivian Orange-Judd 1.00 

Irrigation and Drainage . . King Macmillan 1.50 

Soils Lyon & Fippin Macmillan 1.50 

Soils and Crops Hunt & Burkett Orange-Judd 1.50 

Soil Fertility and Perma- 
nent Agriculture Hopkins Ginn 2.25 

Farmers' Bulletiins: 

44. Commercial Fertilizers. 

48. Manuring of Cotton. 

77. Liming of Soils. 
138. Irrigation in Field and Garden. 
192. Barnyard Manure. 
245. Renovation of Worn-out Soils. 
257. Soil Fertility. 

266. Management of Soils to Conserve Moisture. 
278. Leguminous Crops for Green Manuring. 
371. Drainage of Irrigated Lands. 
406. Soil Conservation. 
524. Tile Drainage of the Farm. 

Equipment: Price 
1 soil sieve, diameter 2 mm. (No. 9202, Catalogue X, Central Scien- 
tific Company) $ i.io 

1 soil auger 3.00 

1 torsion balance, capacity 1 kilogram 18.00 

1 platform scale, capacity 100 lbs. or more 5.00 



41 



3 galvanized pans, with perforated bottoms, size 4 x 4 x 2i/^ in. deep $ .50 
6 enameled sauce pans, 2 quarts .60 

15 enameled pans, diameter 6 in., depth 2 in 1.50 

4 graduated cylinders, 100 cc 2.00 

1 doz. covered soil cans or fruit jars 80 

1 spade ( Farm Equipment ) 

1 ruler (may be used for straight edge) .10 

1 medicine dropper .05 

3 glass tubes, diameter 1 inch, length 3 feet 1.50 

2 glass tubes, diameter 2 inches, length 15 inches 1.00 

1 tamping rod, i/4 inch diameter, 3 feet long 

1 capillary tube support (No. 9262, Catalogue X, Central Scien- 
tific Company, Chicago) 

1 500 cc. flask 50 

15 sections of water pipe, 8 in., with coupling 9.00 

1 barrel or deep water container, 40 inches depth 

6 mulch cylinders 12.00 

18 soil tubes, 3 tube racks, 3 tanks (3 outfits, Nos. 9288-89-90, Cata- 
logue X, Central Scientific Co., Chicago) 31.50 

18 beakers, 200 cc 2.70 

Several yards of cheese cloth .50 

1 plasticity apparatus (No. 9146, Catalogue X, Central Scientific 

Company, Chicago) 2.20 

1 doz. sterilizer bottles .45 

1 qt. saturated solution of lime water 

1 compound microscope (Botany Equipment) 

1 absorption of heat apparatus (No. 9003, Catalogue X, Central 

Scientific Company, Chicago) 3.35 

Carbon black or soot 

Chalk dust 

8 chemical thermometers (freezing to boiling) 4.80 

2 saucers 

Blue litmus paper 50 

Quick lime 

Filter paper, diameter 15 cm .60 

9 glass funnels, 314 inches 1.35 

Solution of ammonia (dilute 178 cc. saturated ammonia solution 

with 422 cc. water) 

Fertilizer materials (required in Experiment No. 21) 



Total $104.60 

Practice Work for Course in Soils and Fertilizers witli the Apparatus Needed 

for Each Exercise 

The experiments marked thus (*) will under ordinary conditions be done 
once for the entire class. Of those not marked the teacher will be guided by 
the capacity and equipment of the laboratory whether they are to be done by 
individual students or once for the class. As many sets of apparatus will be 



42 

required for each exercise as there are students working individually on such 
exercises at one time. 

Extra pieces of glassware should he kept in stock for emergency. 

The catalogue numbers given in certain cases are merely suggestive of the 
style of apparatus to use and may be made by the students. 

Some of the apparatus can be made in the shop or by a local tinner. 

*1. The identification of rocks. 
*2. The formation of soils. 

*3. Classes of soils and the change from soil to subsoil. 
Soil auger. 

4. a. Determination of total capillary and gravitational water. 

3 galvanized pans with perforated bottom, size 4 x 4 x 2^/^ high, 
b. Determination of pore space by amount of water held. 

6 enameled pans, 2 quart, 1 graduated cylinder, 100 cc. 

5. Determination of capillary water capacity of field soils. 

a. Spade. 

b. 3 covered soil cans or fruit jars. 

c. Torsion balance, capacity 1 kilo. 

6. Compare weight and pore space in sand and clay soils. 

a. One 2-quart sauce pan. (May use (b) under Exp. 2.) 

b. Straight edge. (May use ruler.) 

c. Torsion balance. (Same as (c) in Exp. 5.) 

7. "Volumetric method for determination of specific gravity of soils. 

a. Torsion balance. 

b. 4 graduated cylinders, 100 cc. 

c. Medicine dropper. 

*8. Determination of rate and height of rise of capillary water. 

a. 3 glass tubes, diam. 1 inch, length 3 feet or more. 

b. Tamping rod ^4 in- diameter. 

c. Capillary tube support. (No. 9262, Catalogue X, Central Scientific 

Company, Chicago.) 

d. One 500 cc. flask. 

e. 1 ruler, metric and English. 

*9. Distribution of capillary moisture in soil columns. 

a. 15 8-inch lengths of water pipe with coupling. 

b. Barrel or other water container, depth 40 inches. 

c. 15 enameled pans, diameter 6 inches, depth 2 inches. 

d. Torsion balance. 

*10. Effect of mulches on rate of evaporation. 

a. 6 mulch cylinders (Nos. 0129, Catalogue X, Central Scientific Com- 

pany, Chicago). 

b. Cut straw. 

c. Platform scales, capacity 100 lbs. or more. 

*11. Rate of percolation of water through soils of different textures. 

a. 18 soil tubes, 3 tubs racks, 3 tanks. (3 Nos. 9288-89-90, Catalogue X, 
Central Scientific Company, Chicago.) 
12. Effect of drainage on rate of percolation of water through soil. 

a. 2 glass tubes, diameter 2 inches, length 15 inches. 

b. 2 6-inch squares of cheese cloth or wads of cotton. 



43 

c. 2 enameled sauce pans. 

d. 1 beaker, 200 cc. 

13. Effect of puddling in water holding capacity. 

a. 2 enameled pans. 

b. 2 cheese cloth squares, 1 foot. 

14. Determination of effect of freezing on clay soils. 

a. Plasticity apparatus. (No. 9146, Catalogue X, Central Scientific Com- 

pany, Chicago.) 

b. Torsion balance or platform scales. 

15. The flocculating effect of lime. 

a. 1 sterilizer bottle, 8 shaker bottles, 8 oz. (round nursing bottles). 

b. Saturated solution of lime water. (Keep well stopped.) 

c. Compound microscope. 

*16. Effect of color on soil temperature. 

a. Absorption of heat apparatus. (No. 9003, Catalogue X, Central Scien- 

tific Company, Chicago.) 

b. Carbon black or soot. 

c. Chalk dust or white marble dust. 

d. 6 chemical thermometers. 

*17. Effect of evaporation and soil temperature. 

a. 4 enameled pans. 

b. 4 chemical thermometers. 

*18. Effect of slope on temperature of soils at different depths. 

a. 8 chemical thermometers (freezing to boiling). 
*19. To determine when a soil is afcid. 

a. 2 saucers or porcelain dishes. 

b. Blue litmus paper. 

20. To determine the effect of lime on the loss of humus. 

a. Torsion balance. 

b. Powdered quick lime. 

c. Filter paper, diameter 15 cm. 

d. 2 glass funnels, diameter 314 in. 

c. 2 glass beakers. 

d. Solution of ammonia (178 cc. strong ammonia in 422 cc. water). 

21. Solubility of common fertilizers. 

a. Fertilizer materials. 

b. 9 funnels 3% in. or 90 mm. 

c. Graduated cylinder, 100 cc. 

d. 18 glass beakers, 200 cc. 

Prof. M. E. Sherwin, of the Soils Department in the A. & M. College, at 
West Raleigh, N. C, will furnish one set of outlines for carrying out the 
above, to each of the Farm-Life Schools. 



RURAL ECONOMICS 

(Marketing, Farm Management, Farm Machinery, Rural Sanitation, etc.) 

Periods Per Week 

Class Practice 

3 1 

Text: 

Title Author Publisher Price 

How Farmers Cooperate 

and Double Profits Poe Orange-Judd $1.50 

(The text mentioned above is not suited for use as a text for the student, 
but may be used as a part of a reading course.) 

Refebences : 

Title Author Publisher Price 

The Principles of Rural 
Credit Morrison Macmillan $1.50 

Cooperation in Agricul- 
ture Powell Macmillan 1.50 

Farm Management Warren .' Macmillan 1.75 

Rural Hygiene Ogden Macmillan 1.50 

Agricultural Engineering.. Davidson Webb 1.50 

Bacteria in Relation to 
Country Life Lipman Macmillan 1.50 

Principles of Bookkeeping 

and Farm Accounts ....Brexell and Nichols ...American Book Co... .65 

Blanks for above 45 

Farmers' Bulletins: 

62. Marketing Farm Produce. 

242. An Example of Model Farming. 

272. A Successful Hog and Seed-corn Farm, 

280. A Profitable Tenant Dairy Farm. 

292. Cost of Filling Silos. 

299. Diversified Farming Under the Plantation System. 

310. A Succesful Alabama Diversification Farm. 

312. A Successful Southern Hay Farm. 

325. Small Farms in the Cotton Belt. 

326. Building up a Run-down Cotton Plantation. 

364. A Profitable Cotton Farm. 

365. Farm Management in Northern Potato Growing Sections. 
370. Replanting a Farm for Profit. 

422. Demonstration Work on Southern Farms. 

432. How a City Family Managed a Farm. 

437. A System of Tenant Farming and Its Results. 



45 

454. A Successful New York Farm. 

511. Farm Bookkeeping. 

519. An Example of Intensive Farming in the Cotton Belt. 

572. A System of Farm Cost Accounting. 

593. How to Use Farm Credit. 

179. Horseshoeing. 

270. Modern Conveniences of the Farm Home. 

347. The Repair of Farm Equipment. 

403. The Construction of Concrete Fence Posts. 

438. Hog Houses. 

461. The Use of Concrete on the Farm. 

481. Concrete Construction on the Live-Stock Farm. 

574. Poultry House Construction. 

589. Home-made Silos. 

277. The Use of Alcohol and Gasoline in Farm Engines. 

303. Corn Harvesting Machinery. 

155. How Insects Affect Health. 

345. Some Common Disinfectants. 

450. Some Facts Ahout Malaria. 

459. House Flies. 

463. The Sanitary Privy. 

478. How to Prevent Typhoid. 

480. Practical Methods of Disinfecting Stables. 

547. The Yellow-Fever Mosquito. 

Depaetment Bulletins: 

3. A Normal Day's Work. 
32. An Example of Successful Farm Management. 
41. A Farm Management Survey. 
57. Water Supply, Plumbing, and Sewage Disposal for Country Homes. 



THE SCHOOL FAKM 

Make a map of the farm and plan some definite system of cropping. Locate 
the farm buildings with regard to both convenience and sanitation. 



I2XI2-OLTS l2X|g-9I.TS I2XI2-9LTS 



laxiZ-OLTa 



IZm2.-3J.T3 




Fig. 13. Barn (Floor Plan). 



47 




fZ-\6'-SETini" 



-Id- d 



-12- O 



2V16-SETINI--fr 



lo— o" 



Fig. 14. Barn (Section). 



48 




Fig. 15. Barn (Side Elevation). 



49 




Fig. 16. Barn (End Elevation). 



Bill of Material For Barn. 

12 pieces, 4" x 6" x 12'-0" long, for sills 

80 pieces, 2" x 6" x 14'-0" long, for studs. 

12 pieces, 6" x 6" x 14'-0" long, for posts. 

6 pieces, 6" x 6" x lO'-O" long, for posts. 

18 pieces, 2" x 6" x 18'-0" long, for plates. 

8 pieces, 6" x 10" x 12'-0" long, for girders. 

10 pieces, 2" x 6" x 16'-0" long, for ribbon board. 

138 pieces, 2" x 10" x 12'-0" long, for floor joists. 

12 pieces, 2" x 6" x 8'-0" long, for wall braces. 

44 pieces, 2" x 4" x lO'-O" long, for raters and braces. 

44 pieces, 2" x 4" x 5'-10" long, for rafters and braces. 

44 pieces, 2" x 4" x 5'-0" long, for rafters and braces. 

44 pieces, 2" x 6" x 12'-0" long, for rafters and braces. 

44 pieces, 2" x 4" x 14'-0" long, for rafters and braces. 



50 

22 pieces, 2" x 6" x 8'-6" long, for rafters and braces. 
22 pieces, 1" x 6" x 3'-0" long, for rafters and braces. 
3,080 ft. B.M., size %"x6"-8"-10" wide, sheathing, for roof. 
1,870 ft. B.M., size %"x6"-8"-10" wide, for subfloor. 
1,870 ft. B.M., T. and G., %" x 3" wide, for finish floor. 
3,116 ft. B.M., size %" x 10" wide, for siding. 
260 pieces, %"x2"xl4'-0" long, for strips on siding. 

General Equipment: Price 

1 barn $ 600.00 

2 work animals (mares) 500.00 

1 two-horse wagon 65.00 

1 two-horse turn-plow 8.50 

1 disc harrow 25.00 

1 drag harrow 12.00 

1 weeder 7.00 

1 cultivator 35.00 

1 combination planter 15.00 

1 single-shovel plow 3.00 

1 set of two-horse harness 25.00 

12 hoes (gooseneck) 9.00 

6 rakes (garden) 4.50 

2 hay forks 1.50 

1 platform scales (merchants) 15.00 

2 shovels 2.00 

1 mattock .75 

1 scythe 1.50 

Total $1,329.75 

Cabpetees' Tools for General Use. 

1 hand-saw, 9 points $ 1.65 

1 hand-saw, 11 points 1.65 

1 steel framing square .75 

1 try-square .25 

1 bevel square ,25 

1 Stanley spirit level .75 

1 claw-hammer .60 

1 jack plane, 14 inches 2.65 

1 smooth plane, 8 inches 2.00 

1 block plane, 4 inches .75 

1 set of screwdrivers .75 

1 set of firmer chisels (5, % to 1 inch) 3.50 

1 ratchet brace, 10-inch sweep 3.00 

1 set Irwin auger bits (12 x 16) 3.00 

1 set square-shank drill bits for iron (8, ^-^/^ x 16ths) 1.00 

1 iron vise, steel-faced jaws, 24 lbs 3.00 

1 screw for wood vise .25 

1 expansion bit, % in 1.50 

1 bench top .25 



51 



1 revolving head harness punch $ .75 

1 50-foot linen tape 3.00 

1 rule, 5 feet, folding .25 

1 set of compass saws .50 

1 caliper inside, outside ,75 

1 divider .25 

1 mechanic's tool-grinder 5.00 

1 grind-stone, with fixtures 1.00 

4 steel clamps, 6 inches 1.00 

1 counter-sink ,10 

1 drawing knife .75 

1 marking gauge .25 

1 adjustable hack-saw frame .60 

12 hack-saw blades .60 

1 machine hammer, 8 ounces ,75 

1 oil stone, coarse and medium ,75 

1 pair 8-inch side-cut pliers .60 

1 pair, 8-inch end-cut pliers .60 

1 pair 12-inch tinners' snips 1.25 

1 saw-set .75 

1 set steel "S" wrenches 1.50 

1 monkey wrench, 8-inch .25 

1 Stilson pipe-wrench, 8-inch .75 

1 set assorted flies and wood rasps 2.50 

1 spoke shave .25 

1 rivet setting punch .50 

1 cold-chisel, % inch .15 

1 cold-chisel, % inch .25 

1 drift punch .25 

1 set nail sets .45 

1 steel rivet set .25 

1 hatchet .75 

Total % 54.90 

(The following tools are not necessary and may be omitted.) 

Starret combination square % 4.00 

Miter box 12.00 

Set of stocks and dies from 1-16 to 3-4 U. S. standard carriage 

thread 12.00 

Drill attachment for iron 3.00 

Breast drill ' 3.00 

Soldering outfit, complete 6.00 

Set blacksmith tools 35.00 

Total $ 75.00 



52 




Fig. 17. Farm Gate. 

Bill of Material for Farm Gate. 

6 pieces, l^A" x 4" x 12'-0". 

4 pieces, ll^" x 4" x 5'-0". 

4 pieces, li/4" x 4" x 6'-0". 

1 pair heavy hinges and nails, hook and staples. 



IRON 5TI?IP 
4'XV+'A7-0' 



Fig. 18. Road Drag (Detail Drawing). 
(Courtesy North Carolina Geological Survey.) 



2'xa"A7-o'°| 



SCMftlLS 




53 




Pig. 19. Road Drag (Perspective). 



54 




Fig. 5 



Fjq. 4 



Plate I. "Work Bench. 



WORK BEJfCH 

(Drawing and descriptions furnished by Prof. M. T. Fullan, Auburn, Ala.) 

Work benches may be constructed by the schools at a much lower cost than 
if purchased in the market, and such benches will be as strong and as service- 
able as any others. Besides, this will afford constructive work in carpentry 
which will be of simple nature, giving some idea of construction, at the same 
time effecting a considerable saving which may be applied to some other 
equipment. 

Fig. 1 gives a view of the finished bench equipped with a simple vise, but 
any vise which can be obtained may be fitted to the bench. On another sheet 
will be found details of vises which can be made easily and at a low cost. 
"Quick-acting" vises are very desirable and where the funds ai'e available it 
is recommended to purchase them. However, a strong and serviceable vise 
can be built by the class which will serve the purpose very well, although it 
is much slower in action. 

Fig. 2 shows how the supports are built up, and Figs. 3 and 4 give respec- 
tively the side and end view of the finished bench. A bench of this type was 
constructed by two men (teachers) in four hours, at a cost of $1.50 for the 
material. This included 40 cents for a screw for vise. 

This type of bench is to be placed against the wall. The tool back may be 
omitted when the bench is placed out in the room and another vise may be 
fitted on the opposite side, diagonally across from the vise shown. It is noted 
that there are two receptacles formed at each end of the bench which will 
serve to hold tools. These may be fitted with the hinged cover if desired (not 
shown in drawing) . Also, a shelf may be placed across underneath the bench 
resting on the 1" x 4" braces. This will be found of service to take care of the 
longer tools or pieces of stock material, thus keeping them off of the working 
surface. 

The back may be made to suit the taste of the constructor and is intended 
to be a support for the tool rack. It is stiffened by battens 1" x 3" x 18". 



Bill of Material 

1 piece, 2" x 12" x 5', for top. 

4 pieces, 2" x 4" x 30", for legs. 

2 pieces, 1" x 9" x 24". 
2 pieces, 1" x 4" x 24". 
1 piece, 1" X 10" x 5'. 

1 piece, 1" X 12" x 5', for back. 

1 piece, 1 X 6" X 5', for back. 

2 pieces, 1" x 3" x 18", for battens. 
2 pieces, 1" x 8" x 24". 



5« 




3.'" 

^ FIG. (o 



Plate II. Wall Tool Cabinet. 



57 




WALL TOOL CABINET 

(Drawing and Description furnished by Prof. M. T. Pullan, Auburn, Ala.) 

A wall cabinet for holding tools can be easily made and is much better in 
many ways than drawers for this purpose. Edged tools, when placed in a 
drawer, are likely to suffer, due to the edges coming in contact with other 
tools. This objection is not found in the wall cabinet, as screw hooks can be 
placed so as to prevent the edges coming in contact. 

Fig. 1 shows the cabinet with tools placed in it and is given as a suggestion 
for arranging tools in a similar cupboard. The dimensions are shown in the 
views in Figs. 4, 5, and 6, while the details of construction are given in 
Figs. 2 and 3. 

The sides are planed and edged to the measurements given and the top and 
bottom joined to the sides with the '"house" or "gain" joint shown in Fig. 3, 
gluing and nailing the pieces or fastening them with screws. The back is to 
be made of two pieces of material fitted as indicated in the drawing. 

The door is built with a frame and panel. The frame is joined as shown 
in Fig. 2, with the slip-mortise and tenon joint. The inner face is grooved 
out to receive the panel, which is about 5-16" thick. All the four joints of the 
frame are to be properly fitted and the groove made afterwards. Then, the 
frame should be put together temporarily and measurement made for the 
panel, allowing about a sixteenth of an inch all around the panel for swelling 
of the lumber. A panel fitted too tight will invariably cause the frame to 
become broken in damp weather. The joints should then be coated with glue 
and the frame put together with the panel in position and clamped. Before 



58 

gluing up, the panel and frame should be planed and smoothed, ready for 
stain. The door is secured to the body by means of butt hinges, as shown in 
the drawing. A lock may be added in the form of a rim cupboard lock or a 
simple hasp and staple with the padlock. 

After the surface of the cabinet is well worked with sandpaper, using Nos. 
1%, 1, 0, a coat of oil stain is applied. After 24 hours a coat of wax or 
varnish is given the entire surface. 

Bill of Material 

2 pieces, 3/4"x5y2"x23". 2 pieces, %"x6i4"xl8". 

2 pieces, %" x SVs" x 22i/.". 2 pieces, % x 8" x 221/2". 

1 piece, 5-16" x 11" X 1614". 2 pieces, %" x 31/2" x 14". 



ADDRESSES 

(Publishers Referred to in Book Lists) 

Orange-Judd Company, 315 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 
The Macmillan Company, 64-66 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 
Webb Publishing Company, 55-79 East Tenth Street, St. Paul, Minn. 
D. C. Heath & Co., 231-245 West 39th Streeet, New York, N. Y. 
Henry Holt & Co., Publishers, 34 West 33d Street, New York, N. Y. 
Allyn & Bacon, 36 West 37th Street, New York, N. Y. 
Ginn & Co., 70 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 
American Book Company, 100 Washington Square, New York, N. Y. 
J. B. Lippincott Co., East Washington Square, Philadelphia, Pa. 
G. E. Stechert & Co., 151-155 W. 25th Street, New York, N. Y. (Book Dealer.) 
It is much more satisfactory to order books from a dealer when the 
order consists of books by various publishers. 

Scientific Apparatus 

Central Scientific Company, 412-420 Orleans Street, Chicago, 111. , 

Ernst Leitz, 30 East 18th Street, New York, N. Y. 

Arthur H. Thomas Company, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Eimer & Amend, New York, N. Y. 

Spencer Lens Company, Buffalo, N. Y. 

Chicago Apparatus Company, Chicago, 111. 

Dairy Apparatus 

The Creamery Package Manufacturing Company, 61-67 West Kinzie Street, 

Chicago, 111. 
The DeLaval Separator Company, 165 Broadway, New York, N. Y. 

Gabden and Orchard Supplies 
Henry A. Dreer, 714-716 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Spray Pumps 
The Deming Company, Salem, Ohio. 

State Experiment Station Addresses in the Southern States 

Auburn, Ala. Agricultural College, Miss. 

Gainesville, Fla. . Clemson College, S. C. 

Experiment, Ga. Knoxville, Tenn. 

Baton Rouge, La. College Station, Texas. 

West Raleigh, N. C. Blacksburg, Va. 



Farm Life Schools, 1915 

County Farm Life School Postoffice 

Bertie* Aulander Aulander. 

Catawba Startown Newton, R.F.D, 

Craven Vanceboro Vanceboro. 

Durham Lowe's Grove Durham, R. 3. 

Forsyth Clemmons Clemmons. 

Gaston Dallas Dallas. 

Guilford Jamestown Jamestown. 

Pleasant Garden Pleasant Garden. 

Montlcello "... Brown Summit. 

Harnett Lillington Lillington. 

Iredell Harmony Harmonj'. 

Mecklenburg* Pineville Pineville. 

Moore Eureka Carthage, R. 3. 

Nash Red Oak Rocky Mount, R.F.D. 

Robeson Philadelphus Red Springs, R.F.D. 

Rowan China Grove China Grove. 

Wake Wakelon Zebulon. 

Gary Gary. 

Wilson Rock Ridge Wilson, R.F.D. 



Schools established but not yet in operation. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



002 744 380 1 



